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An atom is the basic building block of all matter and is fundamental to chemistry. Atoms are composed of three main types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons are neutral particles, also located in the nucleus.
Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in various energy levels or shells.The nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, is positively charged and very dense compared to the surrounding cloud of electrons, which are much lighter and move rapidly in their orbits. The number of protons in the nucleus defines the atomic number and determines the type of element the atom represents.
Atoms can join together to form molecules, which are groups of atoms bonded together. In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons, balancing the positive and negative charges. However, atoms can gain or lose electrons to become ions, which are charged atoms.
The study of atoms and their interactions is a fundamental part of physics and chemistry, leading to our understanding of the composition of matter and the vast array of materials and substances in the universe.
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