{"id":665,"date":"2017-04-25T11:00:37","date_gmt":"2017-04-25T10:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/?p=665"},"modified":"2017-04-25T11:00:37","modified_gmt":"2017-04-25T10:00:37","slug":"the-history-of-the-radiation-warning-symbol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/2017\/04\/25\/the-history-of-the-radiation-warning-symbol\/","title":{"rendered":"History of the radiation warning symbol"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_667\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_667\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/1NT.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-667\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/1NT-300x282.jpg\" alt=\"1NT\" width=\"177\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/1NT-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/1NT.jpg 529w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 177px) 100vw, 177px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Early uses of the symbol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Recently, I was asked the intriguing question: \u201c<em>where did the black and yellow symbol for radioactivity come from?\u201d\u00a0<\/em>What surprised me was that, despite using it almost every day in the lab, I hadn&#8217;t even considered its origin before now. So I did some digging.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The life of the radioactive \u2018trefoil\u2019 began in 1946 at the University of California, Berkeley. The symbol was first \u2018doodled\u2019 by members of a research group headed by Nels Garden, who wrote in a letter that the symbol \u201c<em>would best symbolize the degree of hazard, type of activity, etc., but which was simple in design<\/em>\u201d. His brief gathered interest with the research group and a final design\u00a0was chosen \u201c<em>which was supposed to represent activity radiating from an atom<\/em>\u201d; thus explaining the iconic dot and blade motif. Some early examples of its use are seen in Fig. 1.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_668\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_668\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/CaptureD.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-668\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-668\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/CaptureD-300x120.png\" alt=\"CaptureD\" width=\"333\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/CaptureD-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/CaptureD.png 429w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_668\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Evolution of the symbol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>It was only in 1948 that the symbol came under consideration for wider use, when Brookhaven National Laboratory (DoE, New York) requested a \u201c<em>standardised symbol of standardised colours<\/em>\u201d for use in their radiation safety programme. Rather surprisingly, the first designs of the symbol weren\u2019t the black and yellow that we are so familiar with. In fact, the choice of colours was of greater discussion than the symbol itself, with the original design having magenta blades on a blue background (Fig 2A). This blue background was chosen because it was an uncommon colour in radiation controlled areas; however, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DoE, Tennessee) standardised the use of a yellow background later in 1948.\u00a0By the late 1950\u2019s, this radiation hazard symbol was implemented by the American National Standards Institute and federal regulation, and the design is still used in the U.S. today (Fig. 2B). Outside of the U.S., it is very common to see black blades in place of magenta (Fig. 2C).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_669\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_669\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/newradiationsymbol300x200.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-669\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-669\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2017\/05\/newradiationsymbol300x200-300x200.gif\" alt=\"newradiationsymbol300x200\" width=\"191\" height=\"127\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_669\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: The new supplementary radiation warning symbol (ISO 21482).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After almost 70 years of use, has this trefoil symbol been a good choice in radiation safety?\u00a0Well, it has certainly become an iconic emblem, both inside and outside of science, and I would agree that the simple design is effective at being a well-recognised hazard warning to those educated in its significance, but what about a person who has no learned\u00a0knowledge of its meaning?\u00a0The IAEA and the ISO have developed a new ionising radiation warning symbol for category 1, 2, and 3 sealed radioactive sources, to supplement the trefoil sign (Fig. 3). This updated pictogram provides a more intuitive depiction of the hazards and consequences of ionising radiation, which can be universally understood.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>A Brief History of a \u201c20<sup>th<\/sup> Century Danger Sign\u201d, Lloyd D. Stephens and Rosemary Barrett, Health Physics Vol. 36 (May) pp. 565-571, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>Health Physics: A Backward Glance, Kathren and Ziemer, Pergamon Press, 1980.<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www-ns.iaea.org\/tech-areas\/radiation-safety\/radiation-symbol.asp<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recently, I was asked the intriguing question: \u201cwhere did the black and yellow symbol for radioactivity come from?\u201d\u00a0What surprised me was that, despite using it almost every day in the lab, I hadn&#8217;t even considered its origin before now. So I did some digging. &nbsp; The life of the radioactive \u2018trefoil\u2019 began in 1946 at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[47],"class_list":{"0":"post-665","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-radiation","8":"tag-nathan-thompson","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>History of the radiation warning symbol - Nuclear Hitchhiker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sites.se.manchester.ac.uk\/nuclearhitchhiker\/2017\/04\/25\/the-history-of-the-radiation-warning-symbol\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of the radiation warning symbol - Nuclear Hitchhiker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Recently, I was asked the intriguing question: \u201cwhere did the black and yellow symbol for radioactivity come from?\u201d\u00a0What surprised me was that, despite using it almost every day in the lab, I hadn&#8217;t even considered its origin before now. 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